The name "United Nations", coined
by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the
Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War,
when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting
together against the Axis Powers. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met
in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization
to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis
of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the
United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in
August-October 1944.The Charter was signed on 26
June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not
represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original
51 Member States.The United Nations officially came into existence on 24
October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other
signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.
First of all, the role of united nation was
to adopt means to develop friendly relations among the peoples of all nations
so as to strengthen the ties of international brotherhood. This friendship
among nations should be based on respect for the principle of the equal rights
of and equal self-determination by peoples. With a good friendly relation among
all nation they can maintain international peace and security in accordance
with the principles and purposes of the United Nations and they will be able to
determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to
recommend what action should be taken. While respect for equal rights and the
right to self-determination were common knowledge in international relations,
those principles were regularly violated, while interference in internal
affairs and destructions of sovereignty were “quite common”.
(Suhana
Dhawan,n.d) Purposes and
Principles of the United Nations from http://www.shareyouressays.com/88806/purposes-and-principles-of-the-united-nations-essay
accessed[4may2016]
By Ong Chee Way
According to Ghai (2015), United Nation has contributed greatly in the field of human
right, decolonization,
and disarmament. United Nations promotes respect for the law and protection of
human rights in many other ways (Unicef, 2014).
For instance, they monitor the human rights records of nations. Other than
that, United Nations has an Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
which is subjected to promote and protect the enjoyment and full realisation by
all people of human rights.
As we know, the creation of a body of
international human rights law is one of the United Nations’ great
achievements. It has helped negotiate numerous rights and declarations. In this
case, many focused on the rights of vulnerable. Correspondingly, these declarations
have helped create a ‘culture of human rights’ throughout the world because it
actually providing a powerful tool to protect and promote all the rights in
their country.
In addition, United Nations is also involves
in volunteerism programme. It benefits for both society at large and the
individual volunteer by strengthening trust among the citizens as well as creating
opportunities for participation. This programme can be lead to the recognition
of volunteers, integrate volunteerism into development programming and
diversity of volunteers throughout the world(UN
2016). Besides that, United Nation
(2016) also states that the needs and rights of persons with disabilities
have been concern by United Nations as well. United Nations Convention on the rights
of persons with disabilities as to respect for their human dignity. The rights
are including, the same fundamental rights as their fellow-citizen, same civil
and political rights as other human beings and measures designed to enable them
to become as self-reliant as possible.
Moreover, under the United Nations
Charter, Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
peace and security. In this case, all UN members agree to accept and carry out
the decisions of the Security Council. With this, it is for the Security
Council to determine when and where a UN Peacekeeping operation should be
deployed. The Security Council in New York plays a vital role in peacekeeping. Simultaneously,
some of the UN members make recommendations to member states, the Council alone
has the power to take decisions which Member States are responsible to
implement.
- Ghai K.K 2015, Your Article Library, ‘United Nations: Objectives and Roles of United Nations’, accessed at 4th May 2016 < http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/uno/united-nations-objectives-and-roles-of-united-nations/40332/ >
- Unicef 2014, Human rights treaties, updated at 19th May 2014, accessed at 4th May 2016 <http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30198.html>
- United Nations(UN) 2016, Global Issue, ‘Volunteerism’, accessed at 4th May 2016 <http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/volunteerism/>
By Yeoh Hui Wen
According to the
political activities of United Nations (For regional conflicts, see Section 1, Item 3 of this chapter), the
United Nations Security Council submitted a resolution to implement in April
the resolution to establish the United Nations Transition Assistance Group
(UNTAG). Besides, the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) called
for material and personnel support from the members of countries. In November,
a constitutional held an election under observation of the (UNTAG) in January
1989. Thus, Namibia became independent in March 1990 and joined the United
Nations in April after independent was formed. For Central America, there were
conflicts in making major progress toward a peaceful settlement about grateful
to an active role that played by the United Nations. On the other hand, the
election was held on February 25, 1990 and the Committee on International
Assistance and Verification (CIAV), which was established by the United Nations
and the Organization of-American States (OAS) in September 1989 in response to
a request by Central American countries, and started the activity to ensure the
dissolution and repatriation of the anti-government guerrillas
"Contras." Furthermore, the United Nations Observation Mission for
Central America (ONUCA) that established as a security verification mechanism
at the U.N. Security Council in September 1989, disarmed the Contras under an
agreement in May 1990 and is keeping watch on border areas. Thirdly, in the
Middle East, became a major focus in the situation in the occupied territories at
the U.N. General Assembly and Security Council. The 44th session of
the General Assembly in 1989 passed, by a majority vote, an
"intifada", which is known as uprising resolution denouncing Israel's
policy on the occupied territories, refers to an action which attested to a
high degree of concern among countries about this issue. In a related
development, the Security Council resolved again, as it did in July and August
of 1989, that Israel's expulsion of Palestinians from 'the occupied territories
violated the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons
in Time of War. Regarding the emigration of the Jews from the Soviet Union
which became a major issue in 1990, the U.N. Security Council held a session at
the request of the Soviet Union between March through May 1990. Unfortunately,
there was no resolution has been adopted. After the cease-fire in August 1988,
the United Nations Secretary-General has hosted four Iran-Iraqi Foreign Ministers
meetings in 1988 and 1989, but there was no significant progress has been made.
During the peace negotiations, over which the United Nations Secretary-General
presided, practically no debate took place on the issue at the General Assembly
and Security Council. In February 1990, the Chairman of the Security Council
issued a statement to support the peace efforts by the Secretary-General.
Meanwhile, the 44th session of the United Nations
General Assembly in 1989, there was about 12 resolutions related to apartheid
were submitted to a vote and were adopted by an overwhelming majority as they
had been in the previous years. A resolution seeking comprehensive sanctions,
which censured the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) by name, was adopted over
Japan's and other countries' opposition. The General Assembly's special session
on apartheid held in December 1989, adopted unanimously a declaration, which
was both constructive and harmonious. In his address to this session, then
Parliamentary Vice Minister Tanaka of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated
Japan's strong opposition to apartheid. He said Japan welcomed the policies of
the de Klerk Government but would continue sanctions against the country so
long as no substantial improvement was made. Lastly, the U.N. Secretary-General
has been making mediation efforts since August 1988 regarding to a conflict
between Morocco which claims territorial rights over the Western Sahara and the
Polisario Front which demands secession from Morocco. In June 1990, on the basis
of a peace proposal by the Secretary-General calling for direct talks for
implementing a cease-fire and the holding of a U.N.-supervised referendum on
the fate of the area, a meeting to ascertain the voters' register for the
referendum was held. Also, a report was submitted to the U.N. Security Council
seeking the establishment of the United Nations Observers for the Verification
of Referendum on the Western Sahara (MINURSO) which would carry out the
referendum, as well as an approval of a definite schedule of the peace process.
United Nation Activities, Section 4. Roles of the United Nations and Other International Organizations and Japan's Cooperation, viewed on 5th May 2016
By Angel Yeoh Xin Yee
Meanwhile, the United Nations' role in world affairs is irreplaceable
by any other international or regional organizations because nowadays the
United Nations’ is the most representative inter-governmental organization of
the world. In maintaining international peace and security, promoting
cooperation among the states and the international development, the United
Nations has made enormous positive contributions. Unfortunately, nowadays the
two major issues of peace and developments, still faces by the people of the
world. Only the international cooperation can mankind meet the challenges of
the global and regional issues. In this regard, a pivotal and positive role can
be played by the United Nations. Furthermore, by promoting the establishment of
a just and reasonable international political and economic order goes along with
the trend of history and in the interest of all nations will strengthen the
role of the United Nations in the new century.
In the conclusion,
in order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, the purposes and the principles
of the Charter of the United Nations should be sustained by the efforts. The role
of the United Nations in development area should be strengthened and must be
preserved by the authority of the Security Council in maintaining international
peace and security. Besides that, all the Member States of the United Nations
is essential to ensure to the right of the equal participation in international
affairs and the rights and interests of the developing countries should be
safeguarded in order to strengthen the role of the United Nations.
The Role of the United Nations, UN Role and Reform. Viewed on 5th May 2016
By Sim Eugene
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